Long-term soil management just one tool to maximize canola yields

When trying to maximize canola yields, it’s a no-brainer that an excellent fertility program is crucial. Canola varieties today are better than ever at reducing the risk of disease and increasing things like standability and drought tolerance. But according to Lyle Cowell, manager, agronomic services with CPS, no matter how good the options, canola variety selection will not influence nutrient requirements. So what are the tools available to canola growers in 2016?

A BIG TOOLBOX
Agronomic tools such as seedbed utilization, rotations, fertilizer application timing and harvesting methods such as early desiccation and straight-cutting, can be used effectively to manage and maximize canola yields. But it all starts with selecting the right variety, with the right mix of attributes, in the right field, with high fertility.

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FIRST DECISION – VARIETIES
Every growing season begins with the most important decision – selecting the variety. Most canola growers will use yield as a driving factor in that choice.

“The yield component is obvi ously essential,” says Cowell. “However, there are a number of canola breeding programs that now have very little difference between peak yield potential. When we are setting a very high yield goal, the other attributes of a variety become very important. Standability, disease tolerance, and weed control options are perhaps the next three most important measures of a variety. For some growers, the variety maturity is an additional consideration.”
For many years Jon Prins has been growing canola with three generations of his family including his grandfather Bill and his father, Kent Prins, near Fort Saskatchewan, Alta. They switch up the canola varieties seeded year-to-year on approximately 2,500 acres. “Right now we are switching between Round-Up Ready and Liberty varieties to help manage weeds,” said Prins. This allows them to select crop protection options in different groups with different modes of action.
Prins is always on the lookout for the new varieties being developed and attends crop tours every year.

SOIL MANAGEMENT
Everything starts off with very fertile soil. “A high yielding crop is not going to be achieved in just one year. It will be the end result of well-managed soil over many years,” says Cowell.

Prins has 25 years of data on his fields to help him make accurate nutrient decisions, along with soil tests and agronomic advice. They run soil tests on their land every year or two to ensure they are making sound decisions. “There are definitely fields that have more potential,” says Prins. “We document yields, soil sample regularly and watch inputs so we know how we should approach each field.”
With the goal of a high yield in mind, farmers really need to start with the right field.
“For much of our western Canadian soils, the primary yield limitation would be nitrogen and phosphorus,” says Cowell. “They may not all need to be supplied by fertilizer, and in fact to achieve
very high yields, a farmer should select a field with very high natural fertility.”

CROP ROTATIONS
Jon Prins is considering changes to a few practices on his farm in order to maximize his crop yields. Currently they’re seeding canola in a three-year rotation with wheat and barley that also supports their cattle operation, which in turn provides a valuable fertilizer input.

The Prins family has been encouraged to extend the canola rotations by their agronomist. “He is pushing for a three-year or even four-year rotation if we can. We haven’t gone as far as four yet but maybe one year we will add faba beans or peas to the mix.”
The importance of good crop rotations cannot be overstated, according to Cowell. “Crop rotation can impact soil fertility, soil and residue-borne diseases, insect pest pressure and seed bed quality. It’s a huge factor, and one that can affect many different elements of agronomy.”

FERTILIZER APPLICATION

The four Rs are critical to remember when discussing fertilizer management – right time, right rate, right product and right placement. “You really need to have all of these in place to hit big yields,” says Cowell. “For example, nitrogen fertilizer needs to be applied at a sufficient rate very early in the season for the canola crop and the nitrogen should be banded under the soil to minimize loss and immobilization by previous crop residue. Before we look for a new magic bullet, we need to focus on these basic steps.”
Canola is a cool season crop with a short growing season. Since very few nutrients are easily absorbed by leaf tissue, managing fertilizer application will depend on the nutrient. “Sulphur in a sulphate form can be quite efficiently applied as a top dress application before or soon after seeding canola,” says Cowell. “It’s a soluble nutrient that will quite easily move to the root system. However, phosphorus is not very soluble in soil, cannot be easily absorbed through leaf tissue and must be available to the crop quite early in the season. Most phosphorus should be applied near the developing root system.”
Seedbed utilization is a best practice in fertilizer application in the seed row. “Certain fertilizer nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium are far more efficiently
used if placed near the developing seed roots. And we have to remember that a canola seedling starts off with a pretty small root system,” says Cowell.
It’s important to remember that roots only take up crop nutrients in a salt form dissolved in soil water. While this is required, if there are too many fertilizer salts
near the root system, it can also damage the seedling. “This can become an issue when we’re trying to achieve very high yields with very high rates of fertilizer,” says Cowell. “I think it’s still wise to apply at least some of the phosphorus fertilizer with the seed, with a safe rate based on soil conditions. The balance of required fertilizer will need to be applied out of the seed row.
“When we expect to grow a big yield, we know that this will require a lot of nutrients, and these are best supplied to root systems early in the year.”

NO MAGIC BULLET
A good yield is the product of many, many factors. Lyle Cowell sums it up well. “Soil fertility management will certainly vary per soil zone and localized soil texture. Canola variety selection will not influence nutrient requirements. I would suggest that a farmer select a variety for the right characteristics for each farm and field and set realistic yield goals. Fertility requirements will then need to reflect the yield goal and native fertility of the soil.”
And at the end of the day, there’s one variable that has the greatest impact on the health and yield of the crop and it’s completely out of the farmer’s control – the weather. “You can do many things to maintain yield but the biggest factor will always be the weather and growing conditions,” says Prins.
Some things never change.

Part-one can be found here and part-three here.